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COLUMNS
The Baseline: Maxwell’s Equations, Part II: Maxwell's First Equation
David Ball
Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetism are the fundamental understanding of how light behaves. There are various versions, depending on whether there is vacuum, a charge present, matter present, the system is relativistic or quantum, or are written in terms of differential or integral calculus. In this issue, we inaugurate a multipart series on each of Maxwell’s equations. This second installment covers Maxwell's first equation.

Chemometrics in Spectroscopy: Classical Least Squares, Part VI: Spectral Results
Howard Mark and Jerome Workman
The authors continue to examine in detail the spectral behavior of the three-component mixtures.

ARTICLES
FT-IR/BIOFUELS
Optimizing FT-IR Sampling for a Method to Determine the Chemical Composition of Microbial Materials
Steve Lowry, Application Scientist, Molecular Spectroscopy, Thermo Fisher Scientific
Many of the FT-IR techniques that have been reported for classifying and characterizing clinical samples can be applied to analyzing materials developed for use in biofuels. In this feasibility study spectra from algae samples were obtained using a number of different infrared sampling techniques, forming a basis for developing rapid screening methods to determine the lipid content of microbiological species intended for biofuels. These techniques would prove valuable during several steps in the development process including optimizing the algae strains through the actual production of biomass to ensure that the algae species are remaining true and are not contaminated by wild organisms.

SERS
pH-Dependent SERS Spectra of Methyl Yellow in Silver Colloid
Zhen Long Zhang and Yu Jun Mo1, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and Da Hu Chang, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
Azo dyes represent the largest class of dyes used in industry and are widely applied in analytical chemistry as acid-base, redox, and metallochromic indicators. Methyl yellow is an important azo dye, which may be used as a pH indicator. In this study, the surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) of methyl yellow in varied pH silver colloids were investigated. The relative intensity analysis indicates the intensities of the Raman bands change largely when the pH value changes from 4 to 3. The enhancement of SERS signals are mainly determined by the surface plasmon resonance, charge-transfer resonance, and their combination. The intensities of SERS signals in various pH solutions may be due to the contributions change of their combined system, such as the charge of MY molecules and adsorption of molecules on silver surface.

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